Joseph Plateau (1801-1883)
was a Belgian physicist. He was inspired by the work of Faraday and Roget and
developed their ideas further to create the Phenakistoscope. He drew multiple
progressive images onto counter rotating disks to give the impression that the
images were moving. When spun and viewed in a mirror the impression of movement
was given. To prevent the images from blurring together he added splits in the card
so the image appeared to be a single moving picture.
William Horner (1786-1837), a British mathematician, was another animation pioneer who created the Zoetrope in 1834. The Zoetrope was far more practical because more than one person could view the images at a time. The Zoetrope was in the shape of a drum with an open top with hand drawn sequenced pictures on a strip of paper placed in the inner bottom of the drum. The slots are cut at equal distances around the outside of the drum. to create an illusion of motion the drum is spun so the images are moving. The Zoetrope is an improvement on the Phenakistoscope (No mirror was needed and allowed several people to view at once).
Charles-Émile
Reynaud (1844-1918) was
a French inventor, responsible for the first projected animated cartoons. He
invented the Praxinoscope, patented in
1877, it was an adaptation of the Zoetrope. Instead of narrow viewing slits it
used a prism of mirrors to reflect and
create clearer images, resulting in perfect animation without the loss in
luminosity in movement. He then went on to adapt this device so that the
animations could be projected, replacing the opaque drawings with transparent
drawings meaning that light could be shone through them.This light was then
reflected by the mirror prism and focused onto a screen through a lens.
In 1872 Reynaud developed his idea further to become
theatrical entertainment. He devised a way of painting a series of pictures on
small glass plates which were then joined together in a single flexible strip.
The animated characters were then projected onto a screen from behind. This
effect was successful but very jerky and slow and because hand drawn his films
could not easily be reproduced. Known as
Reynaud theatre optique it was a very
early version of cinema, all that was lacking was the addition of photography.
Eadward Muybridge( 1830-1904)(known as the father of motion) was an important British photographer who secured at least two British patents for his inventions. His large photographs of Yosemite Valley made him world famous. Having sparked considerable scientific interest, Eadweard took his work to the University of Pennslyvania. Developing a new multi-lens camera, he produced a celebrated high-speed study into the movement of both animals and humans, published in eleven volumes as Animal Locomotion: An electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movement (1887). His Zoopraxiscope (considered the first movie projector), was a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography. He influenced visual artists and the developing fields of scientific and industrial photography.The Zoopraxiscope projected images from rotating glass disks in rapid succession to give the impression of motion. The stop-motion images were initially painted onto the glass, as silhouettes. A second series of discs, made in 1892–94, used outline drawings printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand
Thomas Edison(1847-1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the Phonograph (the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound), the motion picture camera(a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film), and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
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